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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="math_toolkit.bessel.mbessel"></a><a class="link" href="mbessel.html" title="Modified Bessel Functions of the First and Second Kinds">Modified Bessel Functions
of the First and Second Kinds</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<h5>
<a name="math_toolkit.bessel.mbessel.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="math_toolkit.bessel.mbessel.synopsis"></a></span><a class="link" href="mbessel.html#math_toolkit.bessel.mbessel.synopsis">Synopsis</a>
</h5>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">special_functions</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">bessel</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">cyl_bessel_i</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">cyl_bessel_i</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&amp;);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">cyl_bessel_k</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">cyl_bessel_k</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&amp;);</span>
</pre>
<h5>
<a name="math_toolkit.bessel.mbessel.h1"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="math_toolkit.bessel.mbessel.description"></a></span><a class="link" href="mbessel.html#math_toolkit.bessel.mbessel.description">Description</a>
</h5>
<p>
The functions <a class="link" href="mbessel.html" title="Modified Bessel Functions of the First and Second Kinds">cyl_bessel_i</a>
and <a class="link" href="mbessel.html" title="Modified Bessel Functions of the First and Second Kinds">cyl_bessel_k</a> return
the result of the modified Bessel functions of the first and second kind
respectively:
</p>
<p>
cyl_bessel_i(v, x) = I<sub>v</sub>(x)
</p>
<p>
cyl_bessel_k(v, x) = K<sub>v</sub>(x)
</p>
<p>
where:
</p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/mbessel2.png"></span>
</p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/mbessel3.png"></span>
</p>
<p>
The return type of these functions is computed using the <a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>result
type calculation rules</em></span></a> when T1 and T2 are different types.
The functions are also optimised for the relatively common case that T1 is
an integer.
</p>
<p>
The final <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a> argument is optional and can
be used to control the behaviour of the function: how it handles errors,
what level of precision to use etc. Refer to the <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">policy
documentation for more details</a>.
</p>
<p>
The functions return the result of <a class="link" href="../error_handling.html#math_toolkit.error_handling.domain_error">domain_error</a>
whenever the result is undefined or complex. For <a class="link" href="bessel_first.html" title="Bessel Functions of the First and Second Kinds">cyl_bessel_j</a>
this occurs when <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span>
<span class="number">0</span></code> and v is not an integer, or when
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">==</span>
<span class="number">0</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">v</span>
<span class="special">!=</span> <span class="number">0</span></code>.
For <a class="link" href="bessel_first.html" title="Bessel Functions of the First and Second Kinds">cyl_neumann</a> this
occurs when <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">&lt;=</span>
<span class="number">0</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
The following graph illustrates the exponential behaviour of I<sub>v</sub>.
</p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../graphs/cyl_bessel_i.png" align="middle"></span>
</p>
<p>
The following graph illustrates the exponential decay of K<sub>v</sub>.
</p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../graphs/cyl_bessel_k.png" align="middle"></span>
</p>
<h5>
<a name="math_toolkit.bessel.mbessel.h2"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="math_toolkit.bessel.mbessel.testing"></a></span><a class="link" href="mbessel.html#math_toolkit.bessel.mbessel.testing">Testing</a>
</h5>
<p>
There are two sets of test values: spot values calculated using <a href="http://functions.wolfram.com" target="_top">functions.wolfram.com</a>,
and a much larger set of tests computed using a simplified version of this
implementation (with all the special case handling removed).
</p>
<h5>
<a name="math_toolkit.bessel.mbessel.h3"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="math_toolkit.bessel.mbessel.accuracy"></a></span><a class="link" href="mbessel.html#math_toolkit.bessel.mbessel.accuracy">Accuracy</a>
</h5>
<p>
The following tables show how the accuracy of these functions varies on various
platforms, along with a comparison to the <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/" target="_top">GSL-1.9</a>
library. Note that only results for the widest floating-point type on the
system are given, as narrower types have <a class="link" href="../relative_error.html#math_toolkit.relative_error.zero_error">effectively
zero error</a>. All values are relative errors in units of epsilon.
</p>
<div class="table">
<a name="math_toolkit.bessel.mbessel.errors_rates_in_cyl_bessel_i"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;3.23.&#160;Errors Rates in cyl_bessel_i</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Errors Rates in cyl_bessel_i">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
Significand Size
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
Platform and Compiler
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
I<sub>v</sub>
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
53
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Win32 / Visual C++ 8.0
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Peak=10 Mean=3.4 GSL Peak=6000
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
64
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Red Hat Linux IA64 / G++ 3.4
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Peak=11 Mean=3
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
64
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
SUSE Linux AMD64 / G++ 4.1
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Peak=11 Mean=4
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
113
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
HP-UX / HP aCC 6
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Peak=15 Mean=4
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break"><div class="table">
<a name="math_toolkit.bessel.mbessel.errors_rates_in_cyl_bessel_k"></a><p class="title"><b>Table&#160;3.24.&#160;Errors Rates in cyl_bessel_k</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Errors Rates in cyl_bessel_k">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
Significand Size
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
Platform and Compiler
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
K<sub>v</sub>
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
53
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Win32 / Visual C++ 8.0
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Peak=9 Mean=2
</p>
<p>
GSL Peak=9
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
64
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Red Hat Linux IA64 / G++ 3.4
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Peak=10 Mean=2
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
64
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
SUSE Linux AMD64 / G++ 4.1
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Peak=10 Mean=2
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
113
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
HP-UX / HP aCC 6
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
Peak=12 Mean=5
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break"><h5>
<a name="math_toolkit.bessel.mbessel.h4"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="math_toolkit.bessel.mbessel.implementation"></a></span><a class="link" href="mbessel.html#math_toolkit.bessel.mbessel.implementation">Implementation</a>
</h5>
<p>
The following are handled as special cases first:
</p>
<p>
When computing I<sub>v</sub> &#160; for <span class="emphasis"><em>x &lt; 0</em></span>, then &#957; &#160; must be an integer
or a domain error occurs. If &#957; &#160; is an integer, then the function is odd if &#957; &#160; is
odd and even if &#957; &#160; is even, and we can reflect to <span class="emphasis"><em>x &gt; 0</em></span>.
</p>
<p>
For I<sub>v</sub> &#160; with v equal to 0, 1 or 0.5 are handled as special cases.
</p>
<p>
The 0 and 1 cases use minimax rational approximations on finite and infinite
intervals. The coefficients are from:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
J.M. Blair and C.A. Edwards, <span class="emphasis"><em>Stable rational minimax approximations
to the modified Bessel functions I_0(x) and I_1(x)</em></span>, Atomic
Energy of Canada Limited Report 4928, Chalk River, 1974.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
S. Moshier, <span class="emphasis"><em>Methods and Programs for Mathematical Functions</em></span>,
Ellis Horwood Ltd, Chichester, 1989.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
While the 0.5 case is a simple trigonometric function:
</p>
<p>
I<sub>0.5</sub>(x) = sqrt(2 / &#960;x) * sinh(x)
</p>
<p>
For K<sub>v</sub> &#160; with <span class="emphasis"><em>v</em></span> an integer, the result is calculated using
the recurrence relation:
</p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/mbessel5.png"></span>
</p>
<p>
starting from K<sub>0</sub> &#160; and K<sub>1</sub> &#160; which are calculated using rational the approximations
above. These rational approximations are accurate to around 19 digits, and
are therefore only used when T has no more than 64 binary digits of precision.
</p>
<p>
When <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> is small compared to <span class="emphasis"><em>v</em></span>,
I<sub>v</sub>x &#160; is best computed directly from the series:
</p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/mbessel17.png"></span>
</p>
<p>
In the general case, we first normalize &#957; &#160; to [<code class="literal">0, [inf]</code>)
with the help of the reflection formulae:
</p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/mbessel9.png"></span>
</p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/mbessel10.png"></span>
</p>
<p>
Let &#956; &#160; = &#957; - floor(&#957; + 1/2), then &#956; &#160; is the fractional part of &#957; &#160; such that |&#956;| &lt;= 1/2
(we need this for convergence later). The idea is to calculate K<sub>&#956;</sub>(x) and K<sub>&#956;+1</sub>(x),
and use them to obtain I<sub>&#957;</sub>(x) and K<sub>&#957;</sub>(x).
</p>
<p>
The algorithm is proposed by Temme in N.M. Temme, <span class="emphasis"><em>On the numerical
evaluation of the modified bessel function of the third kind</em></span>,
Journal of Computational Physics, vol 19, 324 (1975), which needs two continued
fractions as well as the Wronskian:
</p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/mbessel11.png"></span>
</p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/mbessel12.png"></span>
</p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/mbessel8.png"></span>
</p>
<p>
The continued fractions are computed using the modified Lentz's method (W.J.
Lentz, <span class="emphasis"><em>Generating Bessel functions in Mie scattering calculations
using continued fractions</em></span>, Applied Optics, vol 15, 668 (1976)).
Their convergence rates depend on <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span>, therefore we need
different strategies for large <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> and small <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span>.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>x &gt; v</em></span>, CF1 needs O(<span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span>) iterations
to converge, CF2 converges rapidly.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>x &lt;= v</em></span>, CF1 converges rapidly, CF2 fails to converge
when <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> <code class="literal">-&gt;</code> 0.
</p>
<p>
When <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> is large (<span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> &gt; 2), both
continued fractions converge (CF1 may be slow for really large <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span>).
K<sub>&#956;</sub> &#160; and K<sub>&#956;+1</sub> &#160;
can be calculated by
</p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/mbessel13.png"></span>
</p>
<p>
where
</p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/mbessel14.png"></span>
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>S</em></span> is also a series that is summed along with CF2, see
I.J. Thompson and A.R. Barnett, <span class="emphasis"><em>Modified Bessel functions I_v and
K_v of real order and complex argument to selected accuracy</em></span>, Computer
Physics Communications, vol 47, 245 (1987).
</p>
<p>
When <span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> is small (<span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> &lt;= 2), CF2
convergence may fail (but CF1 works very well). The solution here is Temme's
series:
</p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/mbessel15.png"></span>
</p>
<p>
where
</p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/mbessel16.png"></span>
</p>
<p>
f<sub>k</sub> &#160; and h<sub>k</sub> &#160;
are also computed by recursions (involving gamma functions), but
the formulas are a little complicated, readers are referred to N.M. Temme,
<span class="emphasis"><em>On the numerical evaluation of the modified Bessel function of
the third kind</em></span>, Journal of Computational Physics, vol 19, 324
(1975). Note: Temme's series converge only for |&#956;| &lt;= 1/2.
</p>
<p>
K<sub>&#957;</sub>(x) is then calculated from the forward recurrence, as is K<sub>&#957;+1</sub>(x). With these
two values and f<sub>&#957;</sub>, the Wronskian yields I<sub>&#957;</sub>(x) directly.
</p>
</div>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2006-2010, 2012, 2013 Paul A. Bristow, Christopher Kormanyos,
Hubert Holin, Bruno Lalande, John Maddock, Johan R&#229;de, Gautam Sewani, Benjamin
Sobotta, Thijs van den Berg, Daryle Walker and Xiaogang Zhang<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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